ABSTRACT The objective of the present work was to evaluate the influence of environmental variables on the interaction between genotypes and environments and to identify adapted and stable genotypes for grain seed yield. Twenty-one cultivars were evaluated in randomized blocks with four replications in the years 2016, 2017, and 2018 in the northeastern semi-arid region of Brazil, for seed yield and oil content. Factor regression methodologies and principal component analysis were used with predictions of the sum of the genotypic effects and the interaction to quantify the role of five environmental covariates in the genotype x environment interaction; the Harmonic Mean Method of Relative Performance of Genotypic Values was used for identifying adapted and stable genotypes. The covariance biplot model is useful for relating important environmental factors and indicating their relative effect on seed yield and oil content. Rainfall, relative humidity and maximum temperature contribute positively to increasing oil content while minimum temperature and solar radiation reduce it. Within the limits of the work, the maximum temperature positively influences grain production while the minimum reduces it. The most stable genotypes and those adapted for grain seed yield and oil content are BMX OPUS IPRO, P 98Y70 RR, BRS 333 RR, BRS 9280 RR, M 8644 IPRO, M 8372 IPRO, and ST 920 RR.

RESUMO O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a influência de variáveis ambientais na interação entre genótipos e ambientes e identificar genótipos adaptados e estáveis para a produção de sementes. Vinte e uma cultivares foram avaliadas em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições nos anos de 2016, 2017 e 2018 no semiárido nordestino do Brasil, para rendimento de sementes e teor de óleo. Metodologias de regressão fatorial e análise de componentes principais foram utilizadas com previsões da soma dos efeitos genotípicos e a interação para quantificar o papel de cinco covariáveis ambientais na interação genótipo x ambiente; o Método da Média Harmônica de Desempenho Relativo de Valores Genotípicos foi usado para identificar genótipos adaptados e estáveis. O modelo biplot de covariância é útil para relacionar fatores ambientais importantes e indicar seu efeito relativo no rendimento de sementes e no teor de óleo. A precipitação, a umidade relativa e a temperatura máxima contribuem positivamente para aumentar o teor de óleo, enquanto a temperatura mínima e a radiação solar o reduzem. Dentro dos limites do trabalho, a temperatura máxima influencia positivamente a produção de grãos enquanto a mínima a reduz. Os genótipos mais estáveis e adaptados para rendimento de sementes de grãos e teor de óleo são BMX OPUS IPRO, P 98Y70 RR, BRS 333 RR, BRS 9280 RR, M 8644 IPRO, M 8372 IPRO e ST 920 RR.

ABSTRACT. This study aimed to evaluate the nutrition of commercial soybean crops in an agricultural frontier region using the diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS) and compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND) methods, as well as identify sufficiency ranges. The study was performed by collecting leaf samples (third trifoliate leaf without petiole) at flowering from commercial soybean crops in the states of Piauí and Maranhão, Brazil, and evaluating the crop yield by analyzing macro- and micronutrients in the plant tissue of 98 samples. The DRIS and CND methods were applied based on the cataloged data, followed by the generation of norms, analysis of relationships between yield and nutrients (selecting high-yield crops by the cumulative function of the data), generation of sufficiency ranges, and comparison of methods. The relationships obtained by the DRIS and CND indices with the yield and nutrients were significant, indicating that both methods can be employed for the evaluation of leaf nutrients in soybean. The sufficiency ranges from the DRIS and CND methods presented superior nutrient ranges in relation to the values proposed in the literature for macronutrients, except for nitrogen, and greater range amplitudes for micronutrients.

Abstract Although there is a vast literature on populations in a situation of housing and financial need, namely those who live in the so-called "ilhas" of Porto, the approaches adopted tend to assume a descriptive nature - material deprivation - or ideological - the contradictions of the paradigm neoliberal. Without necessarily contradicting them, this article enables a different reading grid, more oriented towards concrete intervention and practice, adapted to the needs of populations and aimed at creating a more just and cohesive society. In methodological terms, the work developed is based on two pillars: on the concept of urban vulnerability, which, as it affects the difficulties that groups with lower resources have in accessing existing tools, allows focusing on the operational dimension; and in the presentation and evaluation of the process of definition and implementation of a municipal policy oriented towards the rehabilitation of the “ilhas” of Porto, in which the authors are involved. Two main conclusions are pointed out: on the one hand, that the government has the capacity to play an important role in correcting existing social and spatial imbalances, using urban rehabilitation as an important tool to promote social development; on the other hand, that this paradigm shift does not require the creation of new tools, but rather the adaptation of the existing ones to the characteristics, needs and real capacities of the promoters and beneficiaries of them.

Resumo Apesar de existir uma vasta literatura sobre as populações em situação de carência habitacional e financeira, nomeadamente as que vivem nas chamadas “ilhas” do Porto, as abordagens adotadas tendem a assumir um cariz descritivo - a privação material - ou ideológico - as contradições do paradigma neoliberal. Sem necessariamente as contrariar, este artigo viabiliza uma grelha de leitura diferente e mais orientada para a intervenção e a prática concretas, adequadas às necessidades das populações e tendentes à criação de uma sociedade mais justa e coesa. Em termos metodológicos, o trabalho desenvolvido assenta em dois pilares: no conceito de vulnerabilidade urbana, que, por incidir nas dificuldades que os grupos de menores recursos têm em aceder às ferramentas existentes, permite colocar o foco na dimensão operacional; e na apresentação e avaliação do processo de definição e concretização de uma política municipal orientada para a reabilitação das “ilhas” do Porto, na qual os autores estão envolvidos. Apontam-se duas conclusões principais: por um lado, o poder público tem capacidade de exercer um papel importante na correção dos desequilíbrios sociais e espaciais existentes, usando a reabilitação urbana como ferramenta importante para promover o desenvolvimento social; por outro, esta mudança de paradigma não precisa tanto da criação de novas ferramentas, mas sobretudo da adaptação das que existem às caraterísticas, necessidades e capacidades reais dos promotores e beneficiários das mesmas.

Resumen El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar la influencia de la interacción genotipo por ambiente en estudios de divergencia genética en soja en condiciones semiáridas. Se realizaron cuatro experimentos con un diseño de bloques completos aleatorizados con cuatro repeticiones donde se evaluaron 21 genotipos de soja. Se utilizaron los siguientes descriptores para cuantificar la divergencia: altura de planta, materia seca, contenido de aceite, número de vainas por planta, número de granos por vaina, peso de cien semillas, rendimiento, días a floración y días a maduración. Se utilizó el método jerárquico UPGMA para agrupar los genotipos de la matriz de distancias de Mahalanobis mediante las medias genotípicas estimadas por el método REML / BLUP. La agrupación de genotipos depende de las condiciones de evaluación, principalmente debido a los efectos de la interacción genotipo por años. El análisis conjunto, sin la presencia del efecto de interacción, permite obtener dos grupos de genotipos. Los cruzamientos más adecuados involucran los genotipos BRS Tracajá, BRS Pérola, BRS Carnaúba, M 8644 IPRO, BRS 8590 y BMX OPUS IPRO, y el genotipo BRS Sambaíba, especialmente el entre BMX OPUS IPRO y el genotipo BRS Sambaíba, que es el de mayor disimilitud.

Abstract The objective of the present work was to evaluate the influence of the genotype-envi ronment interaction on genetically divergent soybean grown under semiarid conditions. Four experiments were carried out in randomized blocks with four replicates to evaluate twenty-one soybean genotypes. The following descriptors were used to quantify diver gence: plant height, dry matter, oil content, number of pods per plant, number of grains per pod, the weight of 100 seeds, yield, days for flowering, and days for maturation. The unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean was used to group the genotypes from the Mahalanobis distance matrix estimated using the genotypic means estimated by the REML/BLUP method. The grouping of genotypes depended mainly on the effects of the interaction between genotypes and years. The joint analysis, without the effect of the inter action, allowed us to obtain two groups of genotypes. The most recommended crosses were those of the lines BRS Tracajá, BRS Pérola, BRS Carnaúba, M 8644 IPRO, BRS 8590, and BMX OPUS IPRO with the genotype BRS Sambaíba, especially the one between BMX OPUS IPRO and BRS Sambaíba.

RESUMO O estudo objetivou avaliar a capacidade de índices de vegetação (IV) obtidos de imagens aéreas por veículo aéreo não tripulado em estimar a produtividade de grãos de soja, nas condições de solo e clima da microrregião de Teresina, Piauí, Brasil. Avaliou-se a cultivar de soja BRS-8980, em estádio R5, submetida a dois regimes hídricos (RH) (100 e 50% da evapotranspiração da cultura - ETc) e dois níveis de N (com e sem suplementação de N). O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, em parcelas subdivididas, sendo as parcelas os regimes hídricos e as subparcelas os níveis de nitrogênio, com cinco repetições. Cada parcela continha 20 linhas de 4,5 m de comprimento, espaçadas de 0,5 m entre linhas, com área de 45 m² e uma área útil para avaliação da produtividade de grãos de 6 m². Avaliaram-se 20 IV obtidos de imagens aéreas de câmera multiespectral, os quais foram correlacionados com medidas de produtividade de grãos em campo. Adotaram-se análises de correlação de Pearson, de regressão linear e de autocorrelação espacial (índice I de Moran global e local) para geração e análise de desempenho dos IV na predição da produtividade de grãos. Para validação dos modelos de regressão linear, usou-se os índices R2, RMSE e nRMSE. O modelo de predição baseado no EVI-2 apresenta elevada aleatoriedade espacial, para todos os tratamentos avaliados, e menores erros de predição iguais a 149,68 kg ha-1 (sem suplementação de N) e 173,96 kg ha-1 (com suplementação de N).

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the ability of vegetation indices (VIs) obtained from unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) images to estimate soybean grain yield under soil and climate conditions in the Teresina microregion, Piaui state (PI), Brazil. Soybean cv. BRS-8980 was evaluated in stage R5 and submitted to two water regimes (WR) (100 and 50% of crop evapotranspiration - ETc) and two N levels (with and without N supplementation). A randomized block design in a split-plot scheme was used, in which the plots were the water regimes and the subplots N levels, with five replicates. Each plot contained twenty 4.5 m-long rows, spaced 0.5 m apart, with a total area of 45 and 6 m² study area for grain yield evaluations. Twenty VIs obtained from multispectral aerial images were evaluated and correlated with grain yield measurements in the field. Pearson’s correlation, linear regression, and spatial autocorrelation (Global and Local Moran’s I) were used to analyze the performance of the VIs in predicting grain yield. The R2, RMSE and nRMSE indices were used to validate the linear regression models. The prediction model based on EVI-2 exhibited high spatial randomness for all the treatments, and smaller prediction errors of 149.68 and 173.96 kg ha-1 (without and with N supplementation, respectively).

RESUMO Pesquisas recentes apontam resultados promissores da integração de dados orbitais utilizando o índice de vegetação NDVI, para monitorar e estimar a produtividade da soja. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a proposição de modelos de regressão linear múltipla para estimativa da produtividade de grãos com uso do índice NDVI. A pesquisa foi realizada na Fazenda Celeiro, município de Monte Alegre do Piauí, PI, sendo a área de estudo de 200 ha. Foram utilizadas cinco imagens durante o ciclo de cultivo da soja, sendo uma do Landsat 8 e quatro do Sentinel 2. Efetuou-se análises de regressão entre dados de produtividade de grãos (variável predita), extraídos dos mapas de colheita, e dados espectrais de (variáveis preditoras) oriundos dos índices de vegetação (NDVI) de diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento da soja. A seleção dos modelos promissores foi efetuada pelo critério de informação de Akaike (AIC). Para validação dos modelos utilizou-se a raiz quadrada do erro quadrado médio (RMSE) e a raiz quadrada do erro quadrado médio normalizado (nRMSE) pela média da produtividade da soja no talhão. O modelo de regressão linear gerado com o índice de vegetação NDVI nos estádios de desenvolvimento V5-V6 e R2, mostrou-se promissor na predição da produtividade de grãos de soja, com erro médio de estimativa da ordem de 153,9 kg ha-1, o que representa 4,2% em relação aos dados medidos em campo.

ABSTRACT Recent researches have shown promising results for the use of orbital data using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) to monitor and predict soybean grain yield. The objective of this work was to evaluate propositions of multiple linear regression models to predict soybean grain yield using NDVI. The research was carried out at the Celeiro Farm, in Monte Alegre do Piauí, PI, Brazil, in an area of 200 ha. Five images were collected during the soybean crop cycle: one from the Landsat 8 and four from the Sentinel 2. Regression analyses were carried out between grain yield data (predicted variable) extracted from harvest maps and spectral data (predictor variables) from NDVI of soybean crops at different developmental stages. The promising models were selected by the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). The models were validated using Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Normalized Root Mean Square Error (nRMSE), considering the mean of soybean yield of the plot. The linear regression models developed with NDVI for the V5-V6 and R2 developmental stages showed promising results for the prediction of soybean grain yield, with mean error of predictions of 153.9 kg ha-1, representing 4.2% when compared to the data from field measures.

ABSTRACT Digital aerial images obtained by cameras embedded in remotely piloted aircraft (RPA) have been used to detect and monitor abiotic stresses in soybeans, such as water and nutritional deficiencies. This study aimed to evaluate the ability of vegetation indexes (VIs) from RPA images to remotely detect water and nutritional status in two soybean cultivars for nitrogen. The soybean cultivars BONUS and BRS-8980 were evaluated at the phenological stages R5 and R3 (beginning of seed enlargement), respectively. To do so, plants were subjected to two water regimes (100% ETc and 50% ETc) and two nitrogen (N) supplementation levels (with and without). Thirty-five VIs from multispectral aerial images were evaluated and correlated with stomatal conductance (gs) and leaf N content (NF) measurements. Near-infrared (NIR) spectral band, enhanced vegetation index (EVI), soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI), and renormalized difference vegetation index (RDVI) showed linear correlation (p<0.001) with gs, standing out as promising indexes for detection of soybean water status. In turn, simplified canopy chlorophyll content index (SCCCI), red-edge chlorophyll index (RECI), green ratio vegetation index (GRVI), and chlorophyll vegetation index (CVI) were correlated with NF (p<0.001), thus being considered promising for the detection of leaf N content in soybeans.

RESUMO O sorgo é uma cultura muito utilizada no Centro-Oeste brasileiro em cultivo de segunda safra, contudo, no Paraná a mesma é feita quase exclusivamente com a cultura do milho. O cultivo de sorgo pode ser uma opção de semeadura em áreas ou épocas cuja a cultura do milho possa ser considerada de risco. Assim, objetivou-se com trabalho avaliar as características agronômicas de oito híbridos de sorgo (ADV 123, ADV 114, 1G100, 50A10, 1G244, 50A40, 50A50 e 1G282), em três datas de semeadura nos anos agrícolas de 2014 (20/02, 02/03 e 12/03) e 2015 (09/02, 19/02 e 01/03) e quatro híbridos de milho em 2014 (DKB 330 Pro, P 3431 HX, Formula TL e AG 9010 Pro) e cinco híbridos no ano de 2015 (DKB 330 Pro, P 3431 HX, Formula TL, DKB 275 Pro e DKB 290 Pro), nas mesmas datas de semeadura utilizada para o sorgo. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos completos casualizados em esquema fatorial em parcelas subdivididas, sendo nas parcelas alocadas as datas de semeadura e nas sub parcelas os híbridos. Foi avaliado o número de dias da semeadura até o florescimento (DAP), índice de área foliar (IAF), massa de mil grãos (MMG), produtividade (kg ha-1) número de espiguetas por panícula no sorgo (EPP), e no milho o número de fileiras por espiga (NFE) e número de grãos por fileira (NGF). Ao comparar as culturas, o sorgo conseguiu manter maior estabilidade produtiva em diferentes datas de semeadura.

ABSTRACT Sorghum is a commonly grown plant in the Central-West region of Brazil as a second crop; however, it is grown almost exclusively as a second crop after maize in the state of Paraná (South region). The growth of sorghum crops is an option for areas or times in which the growth of maize crops can be risky. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the agronomic characteristics of eight sorghum hybrids (ADV-123, ADV-114, 1G100, 50A10, 1G244, 50A40, 50A50, and 1G282) grown in three sowing times in two agricultural years: 2014 (February 20, March 02, and March 03) and 2015 (February 09, February 19, and March 01), and four maize hybrids in 2014 (DKB-330-Pro, P-3431-HX, Formula-TL, and AG-9010-Pro) and five maize hybrids in 2015 (DKB-330-Pro, P-3431-HX, Formula-TL, DKB-275-Pro, and DKB-290-Pro), in the same sowing times used for sorghum. A randomized complete block experimental design with a split-plot factorial arrangement was used, with the sowing times in the plots and the hybrids in the sub-plots. The variables evaluated were: number of days from sowing to flowering, leaf area index, 1,000-grain weight, grain yield, number of spikelets per panicle, for the sorghum crop; and number of rows per ear and number of grains per row, for the maize crop. The comparison between the two crops showed that the sorghum maintained higher production stability in the different sowing times.

BACKGROUND: There is now significant empirical literature suggesting that finance is good for growth only up to a threshold level of financial development, becoming harmful after that level, in developed and developing countries. AIM: This study extends this literature that investigates non-linearities on the finance-growth link, by testing the inverted U-shape hypothesis in sub-Saharan African countries, which are among the least developed ones. SETTING: 36 countries from sub-Saharan Africa over the period 1980-2015. METHOD: Estimation of quadratic dynamic panel data models by system-generalised method of moments. RESULTS: Empirical results show that there is a hump-shaped relationship between financial development and economic growth in sub-Saharan African countries. CONCLUSION: Results suggest that the hypothesis of 'too much finance harms economic growth' also holds for low-income and less developed countries, but for much lower threshold levels of financial development than those of more developed and higher-income countries. As for policy implications, measures to strengthen finance quality and other growth-enhancing strategies need to be undertaken, rather than increasing finance size.

Heterocyclic compounds form an important and extensive group of organic substances. Among nitrogenous heterocyclic molecules, quinolines stand out for exhibiting attractive chemical and biological properties. These substances can be used as ligands, sensors, luminescent and agrochemical materials. In addition, quinoline-containing compounds can exhibit a wide spectrum of pharmacological properties, allowing their use in several approved drugs nowadays. Due to its importance, the synthesis of molecules containing this nucleus becomes a point of interest for synthetic chemists. In this way, several methodologies have been recently developed to prepare quinoline derivatives with high structural diversity. Such chemical transformations allow the chemical modification of these rings with high selectivity and tolerance to diverse functional groups and these properties have been conveniently used in the preparation of biologically active molecules containing this unit. Herein, we present a review of the main methodologies employed in the selective functionalization of quinolines in the last twenty years. In this context, a brief introduction addressing general synthetic and medicinal aspects related to the functionalization positions of the quinoline ring is presented. Several methodologies used in the functionalization of this moiety are discussed, as well relevant synthetic applications, both in the preparation and functionalization of substances of biological interest.

Cathepsin K is a papain-like cysteine protease and is responsible for collagen degradation in bone tissue and thus represents an important target for the development of new therapies for treating diseases such as osteoporosis. Quinolines are an important class of heterocyclic molecular leads with a great pharmacological potential and represent a relevant scaffold to explore the chemical space of cathepsin K (CatK) inhibitors. This study presents the synthesis of nine 2,4-diphenylquinolines, including five phthalonitrile quinolines dyads, and the evaluation of their CatK inhibitory activity. Among the evaluated compounds, 4b was the most potent inhibitor with an IC50 (half-maximal inhibitory concentration) value of 1.55 µM (against Z-Phe-Arg-MCA substrate) acting in an uncompetitive inhibition mode. Molecular docking studies provided important information on the interaction of the inhibitor with the enzyme showing that these quinoline derivatives can play an important role as CatK inhibitors.